ELIZABETH+W+ --+ Explain+how+the+following+individuals+r

Home List of Themes Model - Articles of Confederation

**Theme:** Reform Movements **Topic:** Response to Industrialization **Free Response Question**: Explain how the following individuals responded to the economic and social problems created by industrialization during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Introductory Paragraph **Setting: ** Post-Civil War America brought forth industrialization which replaced skilled workers with unskilled machine operators and also marked the creation of more efficient business techniques and the rise of reform from working conditions to the quality of the product and company itself. **Basis for Analysis**: The economic and social problems that arose from industrialization included an increasing gap between the rich and the poor, low wages, poor working conditions, an increased burden for immigrants to make a living as the workforce became more competitive in getting a job, and difficulty for businessmen to make a profit because of the high costs of labor, transportation and production. **Partitions**: Reformers Jane Addams, Andrew Carnegie, Samuel Gompers and Upton Sinclair worked to improve the quality of life in the areas of immigration, business and workers. **Thesis:** These significant people responded the the problems of industrialization through the creation of new concepts to fix the problem and also the creation of reform organizations. **Partition 1:** Reformers for Immigrants: Jane Addams and Upton Sinclair
 * Jane Addams
 * Andrew Carnegie
 * Samuel Gompers
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px;">Upton Sinclair
 * Jane Addams visited Europe in 1883 and 1888 and saw lots of poverty which inspired her to create the Hull House which was a settlement house for Greek, Russian, Italian, and German immigrants
 * house intent was to help immigrants make the transition to the American lifestyle and counter anarchists and strikers who opposed immigration
 * the intention of Upton Sinclair's novel, The Jungle was to increase awareness about socialism, the need for better wages and working conditions, and the struggle of immigrants but instead gained popularity because of the poor quality of meat packing industries

<span style="background-color: #808000; color: #e1ff00; display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: left;">**Partition 2:** Reformer of Business
 * Andrew Carnegie founded Edgar Thomas Steelworks in Pittsburgh in 1875
 * used vertical integration: single firm controls all aspects of production and distribution
 * he owned ships/railroads to cut transportation costs; had connections with Pennsylvania Railroad; cut labor and fuel costs
 * wrote the "Gospel of Wealth" which stated that the wealthy had a responsibility to give away most of the money to the needy before they died

<span style="background-color: #0000ff; color: #00ff00; display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: left;">** Partition 3: ** Unions
 * Samuel Gompers founded the American Federation of Labor (AFL) in 1886
 * made up of white, male, skilled laborers
 * wanted better wages and working conditions
 * used walkouts and boycotts to protest
 * supported the Wilson administration which was advocating the right of laborers to organize for collective bargaining with their employers in the 1912 election
 * helped to create a strong alliance between Democrats and laborers and helped create the U.S. Department of Labor

<span style="background-color: #800080; color: #ffffff; display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 23px; text-align: left;">General Information: <span style="background-color: #ffffff; display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: left;">
 * Post-Civil War Reconstruction
 * Review Gospel of Wealth handout and //The Jungle//
 * Panic of 1873